Greek fire was a powerful incendiary weapon employed by the Byzantine Empire, notably during naval conflicts, to set opposing ships on fire. It was a highly guarded Byzantine military secret and played a critical part in Constantinople’s defense.
Greek fire was a liquid material that could be sprayed or flung at enemy targets, and it had the unique capacity to burn even on water, making it an effective weapon against naval assaults. The actual composition of Greek fire remains unknown, but it is thought to have included petroleum, sulfur, quicklime, and resin.
The Byzantines went to great lengths to protect the secret of Greek fire, fearing that its discovery by enemies would diminish their military advantage. Despite efforts by rival powers to replicate or counter the weapon, the formula for Greek fire remained a closely guarded secret throughout the Byzantine era.