Climatology is the subfield of atmospheric science that focuses on long-term weather patterns and climate trends. It involves studying and analyzing historical weather data to understand climate variations.
Climate indices are frequently used to quantify climate variations, which can occur in a variety of time intervals, from short-term fluctuations to long-term trends.
El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): This Pacific Ocean phenomenon, which is linked to the atmosphere, affects worldwide climate patterns. It can cause notable variations in temperature and precipitation in different areas and has a cycle that lasts between two and seven years.
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO): Over the North Atlantic region, the NAO is a phase of oscillation primarily restricted to the lower atmosphere or troposphere. It affects the climate and weather in North America, Europe, and other areas encircled by the Atlantic Ocean.
The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO): MJO is a tropical atmospheric variability pattern that is distinguished by increased atmospheric convection and rainfall. It influences weather and climatic events globally and usually has a cycle of between thirty and sixty days.
Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO): The IPO is a pattern of decadal-scale climate variability seen in the Pacific Ocean. It may result in modifications to weather patterns, air pressure, and sea surface temperatures, which could have an impact on the climate in the Pacific and elsewhere.
Climatology is critical for understanding policy linked to climate change adaptation, and environmental management.