The Banker’s Algorithm uses the Available, Maximum, Allocation, and Need matrices to track resources and processes to ensure the system remains safe.
| Data Structure | Type | Purpose |
| Available | Vector (length m) | keeps track of all free resources. |
| Max | Matrix (n × m) | Sets the maximum resource requirement per process. |
| Allocation | Matrix (n × m) | Shows current resource allocation per process. |
| Need | Matrix (n × m) | Indicates the remaining resources needed for each process. |
These data structures are essential to the Banker’s Algorithm, which determines whether a system can securely issue a resource request while avoiding dangerous deadlocks and unsafe states.