The ISO/OSI model, also known as the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, consists of 7 layers. These layers, beginning with the lowest, are:
- Physical Layer – Handles the transmission of raw bit streams over a physical medium.
- Data Link Layer – Manages the node-to-node data transfer and error detection.
- Network Layer – Responsible for logical addressing and routing of data packets.
- Transport Layer – Ensures reliable data transfer between devices.
- Session Layer – Manages and controls the connections between computers.
- Presentation Layer – Translates data between the application layer and the network.
- Application Layer – Provides network services directly to the user’s applications.