The vestibular system, which includes the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule in the inner ear, is responsible for maintaining balance, equilibrium, and coordination of movements. It achieves this through specialized structures in the inner ear, such as the semicircular canals, which detect rotational movements, and the otolith organs, which sense linear acceleration and gravity. These signals are then processed by the brain to control body posture and eye movements.